Deep gaps in vaccine access across Middle Eastern nations

Vaccine access and equity remain critical public health challenges across the Middle East, according to a new study published in Vaccines that warns that persistent gaps in access and coverage, if unaddressed, could undermine efforts to control both endemic and emerging infectious diseases.

The study titled "Bridging Gaps in Vaccine Access and Equity: A Middle Eastern Perspective" outlines the persistent barriers, innovative solutions, and policy directions needed to close the immunization gap in a region marked by deep socioeconomic and political disparities.

Why does vaccine access remain unequal across the Middle East?

The study reveals stark contrasts in vaccine coverage between wealthy Gulf nations and low-income or conflict-affected states. Countries such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar report near-universal immunization rates, supported by advanced healthcare systems and strong supply chains. In contrast, nations like Yemen, Syria, and Iraq continue to struggle, with disrupted healthcare infrastructure, limited resources, and low vaccination coverage, particularly for new vaccines such as those against COVID-19.

The research attributes these disparities to a combination of infrastructure deficiencies, economic constraints, and political instability. In several areas, unreliable cold chains and power shortages hinder the storage and distribution of temperature-sensitive vaccines. Prolonged conflicts have destroyed healthcare facilities, while ongoing economic crises limit the ability of governments to secure adequate vaccine supplies.

Socio-cultural factors also contribute to low vaccine uptake. Misinformation, religious beliefs, and vaccine hesitancy shaped by historical mistrust of health systems exacerbate the problem, especially in rural and marginalized communities. The study emphasizes that overcoming these barriers requires not just technological interventions, but also culturally sensitive public health campaigns to improve awareness and acceptance.

What solutions are emerging to address these challenges?

Despite significant obstacles, the region has seen notable progress through innovation and partnerships. The study documents how countries are adopting new technologies to improve access. For example, solar-powered refrigeration units have been deployed in Lebanon to maintain vaccine potency in areas with unstable electricity. The UAE has experimented with drone delivery systems to reach remote locations quickly, reducing logistical delays.

Local vaccine production is emerging as a promising solution to dependency on international suppliers. Initiatives such as Hayat Biotech in the UAE and the vaccine production facility in Saudi Arabia’s Sadeer City are enabling domestic manufacturing, which enhances supply security and reduces costs over time. These efforts, if expanded, could help countries build resilience against future pandemics and outbreaks.

International organizations continue to play a crucial role in bridging gaps. Programs led by the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and Gavi provide funding, logistical support, and procurement assistance to vulnerable nations. Initiatives like the COVAX program and Egypt’s National Immunization Days have successfully increased coverage in targeted populations. However, the study warns that reliance on external aid is not sustainable and must be supplemented with local and regional strategies.

What policy changes are needed for long-term vaccine equity?

The authors argue that achieving lasting vaccine equity in the Middle East requires systemic policy reforms. They recommend building sustainable financing mechanisms that allow governments to consistently procure vaccines without depending solely on donor support. Establishing local manufacturing capacities is identified as a cornerstone of self-sufficiency, alongside adopting tiered pricing models to make vaccines affordable for middle-income countries that often fall outside of donor frameworks.

Strengthening regulatory frameworks is also critical to ensure vaccine quality, streamline approvals, and enable rapid response during emergencies. The study highlights the importance of regional cooperation, urging countries to share resources, expertise, and infrastructure to collectively overcome supply and distribution challenges.

Community engagement remains a vital component of any solution. Tailored outreach programs that consider cultural contexts can improve vaccine acceptance, counter misinformation, and build public trust. The research suggests that top-down strategies must be complemented by grassroots efforts to reach hesitant or marginalized groups.